“We all sorely complain of the shortness of time, and yet have much more than we know what to do with. Our lives are either spent in doing nothing at all, or in doing nothing to the purpose, or in doing nothing that we ought to do. We are always complaining that our days are few and acting as though there would be no end of them.”
————— Lucius Annaeus Seneca
What do you think; can you manage your time? How do you manage your time? You start thinking this question and one minute of your life is gone. Now again you are thinking, what! One minute gone! And your next is minute is also going to complete soon.
This is the power of time. No one has power to control this time. You can only control time if you can understand the formula of Einstein.
E=mc^2.
Here E= Energy, c=speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s) and m=mass.
If you can travel in a speed more than the speed of light then only you can control the time and you will be ahead of time. You will be beyond time and space.
So now you can understand how hard the concept of time management.
It means no human being can manage or control time.
God is very smart. God has given everyone same twenty-four hours in a day. Same twenty-four hours for prime minister or president of a country, to all celebrities, to all billionaire and to all millionaires, for me and for you.
Then where is the difference. The difference is how we can use these twenty-four hours in daily basis.
“Jab tak jan hai, tab tak time hai” it means till the time we have life we have our time.
It was said by one of my friend to me. This sentence motivated me to postpone my important works till tomorrow.
After listening to this sentence I started postponing my life’s goals. I kept aside my to-do list and start enjoying more with social media and videos. After few days I read the book Think and grow rich-by Napoleon Hill.
I read this book often. I just pick it up and read one or two pages randomly.
That day I saw a line which gave goose bump in my body. One line that changed whole of my thinking process:
“The goal you could achieve one year ago and you are still postponing it for tomorrow to take your first step”
This sentence has blown away my mind. Then I realized that,
The biggest problem we have with respect to time is that we think we have enough time with us.
But there is GOOD NEWS for you.
You should not worry seeing all these difficult equations.
It is final that you can’t control your time. But you have control on your productivity. God has given this power to you. You can prioritize your work as per your goal.
You have 10 tasks to complete and one of them is to complete a web series on Netflix by next two days. And one task is to complete your resume to apply for your next better job. Now how can you increase your productivity by which you can take a step for your better future? Is it difficult to decide now? No right?
If you can stop watching Netflix series you can save your three to four hours easily. Three to four hours is more than enough to update your CV. This is just an example. You can prioritize your work as per your goal. So you can increase your efficiency and productivity within the same period of time which is available for everyone.
Brain is a muscle. This is your first step. Once you start compromising your unproductive time waster like social media, TV etc. gradually your brain muscle will become stronger and your will power to select the best work amongst two or three will be easy for you. You will start selecting the productive work for you from your to do list to start.
Conclusion is that you can’t manage your time, you can manage your priority and thus you can increase your productivity and efficiency.
This is the mantra of time management.
To utilize your twenty four hours passionately you should have a daily code of conduct. I read the daily statement mentioned by Robin Sharma in his book Who will cry when you die. You can also use this for your daily reminder or you can create your own
“Over the next twenty-four hours I vow to appreciate this day, as it is all I really have, and to use every minute wisely and fully. So much can be done over the next twenty-four hours to advance my life’s agenda and complete my legacy.”
“You can’t escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today”
Greatness, it turns out, is largely a matter of conscious choice”
—Jim Collins, Good to Great
“It is a rough road that leads to the heights of greatness”
— Seneca
When I was in class 12th, our Physics teacher was like a scientist. So we named him Mr. Scientist. Every student loved him from heart. He was always got first rank and gold medallist in his entire education career. Because of his high level of concept delivery method, we could not understand his teachings properly.
I had an impression that, though we didn’t understand and couldn’t follow his teachings properly, his son must be as like him and definitely a great student.
One day I came to know that his son failed in 12th science exam last year.
I was shocked. How come son of Mr. Scientist could fail in 12th examination?
That question was stuck in my mind for long time. I started observing successful, intelligent people and compare their children with them as and when I get a chance to do so.
I started looking to know about the children of great scientist like Sir Einstein, Thomas Alva Edison and many more. Their children may be in good position in their lives but still not as famous or successful as their father or mother.
I concluded one thing after so many years of observation that:
Success is not always related to heredity.
Definition of Success is different from person to person. Success for one person may be to get a Job, for another person may be a great family. Some others may be to have own company, for some may be millionaire or billionaire. So everyone has his/her own success definition and success story.
But here I am talking about success in simple term, a reputed position in a society, to understand the topic easily.
After my conclusion that Success is not always related to heredity, I started searching for what is the reason why a scientist’s children do not always become scientist. Likewise a Doctor’s children do not always become doctor; IAS’s children do not always an IAS, a great business man’s children do not always a great businessman.
Even the reverse is also possible. We have seen many good news about becoming IAS officers and doctors and Engineers, and successful business person whose parents have nothing. Even their parents may not even seen school in their life time. They are self-made successful men or women.
I researched; I read so many books on success, attitude and topics related to success.
Finally I concluded one thing:
Success is all depends on Your Intension and Dedication.
Intension is your primary source of all your achievements in life. All universal forces will work and support you towards your intension. Intension is your spirit, your emotions, your feelings, your beliefs. This works from inside out, not from outside in.
Dedication is your commitment to achieve your intension. Commitment means you are committed to achieve whatever is your desire without any excuses. If you have excuses, ready with you, then you are not committed. You are just interested.
Alan Brown first coach of John Assaraf asked this question to him, “Are you committed or interested in achieving a goal”.
If these two forces intension and dedication work together in harmony no one can stops you from achieving anything in your life.
This is the reason a scientist’s son/daughter doesn’t always become a scientist. Same is applicable for all other scenarios too.
Parents became successful because of their own intension and dedication. Children have their own intension and dedication. So success level of parents and children can’t always be of same level and not depends on heredity.
When I had my first kiss I felt like I had been shot through the heart with a bolt of energy.
You can forget your wife’s birthday or even your marriage day, but I am sure you still remember your first kiss. I am not talking about the date of your first kiss. I am talking about the felling of your first kiss.
You are smiling from inside now. Though you can’t express your feelings now in front of anybody else, but you are feeling ecstatic remembering your first kiss.
Yes, you can take a pause in reading and remember your first kiss with full of feelings.
Nothing to worry about your wife or husband. They can’t enter your brain to see about whom you are actually thinking. They won’t know that it was not him or she.
It was totally a different world and different person. But for you that HE or SHE may be your current spouse too.
So person to person feelings may vary, but everyone remembers his/her first kiss.
Now come to the main point. Why we can remember our first kiss, that day or person or situation easily.
This all related to your brain and hormones released by your brain. One hormone is called Dopamine. It is also named as “Happy Hormone”
So when you kissed for the first time Dopamine released in your brain for the first time for that sensation or feelings or happiness. So our whole body, mind experience that happiness for the first time. First time of anything good makes us happy. So this is true for all other good experiences too. You can remember easily all first day things which make you happy.
After that gradually that happy feeling start getting diluting as our mind and body both senses that releasing of happy hormones often and become used to it.
Game of our mind:
This is the game of our mind and emotions.
Brain is the organ of this mind and the cerebro-spinal system of nerves puts us in conscious communication with every part of the body. This system of nerves responses to every sensation of light, heat, odor, sound and taste.
So Dopamine, the happy hormone is one of the main reasons of our happy mode and remembering good memories easily.
Climbing up the ladder of success has little to do with luck and lot to do with the right habits and proper attitude.
Successful people everywhere are doing: whether they are working for somebody else or working for themselves, they do whatever they do to the best of their ability, as if boss is watching them every minute of every day.
Secrets of art of persuasion by communication with people by listening to them
“Where the heck are you going?” Most people don’t have the answer of this question.
“What’s crazy about today’s society: everybody is racing around “Ferrari brains” but no one has their GPS on”
“When you take the time to look backward from the future in order to create where you want to go over the next year, you have done more than most of people who are stuck in place.”
“The difference between successful people and unsuccessful people is that successful people do the things the unsuccessful people don’t want to do”.
Successful people don’t just do things to get by or get through the day, but do things to achieve something.
Get amazing at what you are already good at.
Choose your circle that boost your energy rather than drain it.
Become Hero of your own story. Leave past behind, create a new success story.
To create confidence concentrate of 3 major areas:
Courage, commitment, and capabilities.
Sales are everything. Either you are selling any product, your time, or may be your smile, gesture and a loving word.
“Don’t be afraid to fail: rather, use failures as learning opportunities.
When Hollywood movie 2012 was released in 2009, it was bit confusing that is really world is going to destroy in 2012.
After watching movie 2012, I felt like world will be like Hollywood zombie movies. Only very few human will left out and they will travel here and there and fight with each other for a piece of bread.
But we witnessed that it didn’t happen and we are in normal condition.
I thought 2012 was also a kind of most of the Hollywood movies where all the un-earthy destructive power reach earth and destroy NEW YORK CITY every time.
But why this Hollywood movie was made with name 2012 and showing all the destruction of this world. Why not 2013. Though most of us think that 13 is an unlucky number.
Sylvia Browne was a New York Times bestselling author and world famous psychic gave a hint to the 2012 in her famous book “Ends of Days”.
She narrated about two old cultural civilizations the Maya and Cherokee and how they related to 2012.
The Maya:
The Mayan Civilization is thought to have been born in the Yucatan Peninsula in about 2500 BC with a society of fifteen million people.
They excelled brilliantly in astronomy, hieroglyphic writing, science, mathematics, art, farming, weaving, architecture, and creating highly technical, intricate calendar system.
Mayan calendar which consisted of cycles of 264 days, each day having one of twenty names represented by its own symbol.
The Mayan calendar ends on December 21, 2012.
The Cherokee:
The Cherokee are an intensely spiritual civilization who believed that each morning humankind should give thanks to the creator, to mother earth and to all good things.
Many of their predictions had already come true:
e.g.:
1. A cobweb would be built across the world through which people would talk:
A few hundred years after this prophesy, telephone lines reached into virtually every corner of the globe.
2. The eagle would someday fly in the night and land on the moon.
In 1969 the safe arrival on the moon of the Apollo 11 spacecraft was announced
By astronaut Neil Armstrong to NASA control room with the simple words,
“The eagle has landed.”
These are only two examples. There are list of their prophesies which were come true already.
The Cherokee calendar system also ends in year 2012.
Needless to say, it’s no coincidence that the Cherokee and Mayan calendars end in year 2012.
So it may be expected that movie 2012 was made based on some these kind of indications.
But thanks to God that it didn’t happen like movie 2012 and we are still here.
Earth is safe:
The good news is Earth is safe.
The Holy Vedas are accepted as originally spoken by the Lord himself to Brahma, from within his heart. The principles of religion are laid down in the Vedas.
In the Holy Rig Veda it is saying that everything was started with heat.
Even moon was also has heat and part of the earth.
Afterwards moon has lost his all heat.
Now Sun is the source of all the heat. Sun, still retains a great deal of heat, but it is not so intense as it was in the beginning. However a time will come when the sun will cool down to darkness and no more fountain of light and heat in its plan.
At that time earth will become a mass of solid. no air, no lakes, no animal, no humankind, nothing.
That time according to Aryan calculations is 2,333,227,018 years distance.
Modern scientific findings have reaffirmed the statement of this Vedic declaration.
So now we are happy that at least Earth is not going to end so early. World is not going to end in its natural process now.
Current situation and Prophesy
Bill Gates:
A viral video of Bill gates from a TED talk show in 2015 he mentioned few noticeable points as below:
For Global Catastrophe-
Who is more harmful: Not Missiles but Micros, It is not war it is Virus.
We have invested a lot in nuclear deterrence but not in a system to stop epidemic that happened like in back 1918.
We are not ready for the next epidemic.
Corona Virus Prophesy by Sylvia Browne:
Sylvia Browne
In the book “END of DAYS” Sylvia Browne, who was a physic from her age three, did the prediction about Corona virus as below:
“In around 2020 a severe pneumonia-like illness will spread throughout the globe, attacking the lungs and the bronchial tubes and resisting all known treatments. Almost more baffling than the illness itself will be the fact that it will suddenly vanish as quickly as it arrived, attack again ten years later, and then disappear completely.”
Shocking prophesy which came true and we are witnessing it now.
Knowledge is Power
We know knowledge is the power. If we don’t know something we need to educate ourselves.
What now Government and every doctor and experienced people are trying to spread their messages about how we can protect ourselves from Corona or any kind of information related to COVID19 which can be helpful for all of us.
During this lock down period, I watched a video of Dr.Biswaroop Roy Chowdhury.
He said in his video that Corona Virus may exists even before humankind. It may be here till the time earth was created. But we didn’t know about it till the time we have an advanced microscope to see it.
I have read Holy Vedas and after listening to his video I realized one thing,
We can’t think of knowledge by eliminating God from his creation. After all what is knowledge? What is Physics? Or metaphysics? It is not with reference to our great creation? It is just a little activity in the dynamic world in a particular parameter.
Vedic Theism is a concept of dynamic reality. The supreme reality is our concern every moment. We might ignore him, as we usually do, but he doesn’t neglect us.
“The cosmic energy is the generator of the Universe, the
Embryo of waters, the leader of humans, most virile defender of human race.
It remains ever illuminated by its own radiance and
It provides sustenance for its beloved progeny.
(Rig Veda. 3.1.12)
Mind Body relationship:
“In this creation are held in balance the three regions, terrestrial, interspatial and celestial, and the three divine realms pertaining to body, mind and spirit provided with three eternal functions- physical, mental and transcendental.”
(Rig Veda. 2.27.8)
Dr.Deepk Chopra (MD) serves as a clinical professor at the University of California, San Diego and author of 89 books, numerous New York Times bestsellers, in his book “Perfect Health-The complete mind body guide” said about the relationship between body and mind.
He said,how different emotions and anxiety can reduce our immunity power.
With stress and anxiety,stress hormone “cortisol” released by the adrenal glands, of our brain which reduces our immunity power.
If we are happy and have something interesting, and exciting brain releases “dopamine” the happy hormone, which is good for heath.
That’s why “laughing club” is becoming popular in recent days.
So in such scenarios we should try to be in control of our stress and anxiety.
“When you cannot
Control a situation…
You must learn to
Control yourself.”
Jhon Assaraf
That’s why now a day’s people are more inclined towards Yoga, meditations and mindfulness.
Yoga synchronizes mind body relationship and meditations and mindfulness not only relaxes your brain, it also exercises the brain’s ability to focus.
Fast Life becomes Slow
Our “Autopilot” mode is now become “Stop” mode.
Now a days instead of mindfulness we work with “mindlessness”.
Mindlessness is the state of being so preoccupied with the list of things we have to do that we realize we don’t remember how we got from point A to point B, like from home to office in a car.
This results irritable, rushed, emotionally unavailable, anxious and depressed.
We drive to our office 15Km, 20Km and reache office, without enjoying any beautiful moment in the whole route.
Our driving is controlled by our subconscious mind whereas our conscious mind is busy in thinking of reports, presentations, VC, about boss, what would he say and all.
Sometimes we are so “mindlessness” that even we don’t remember the taste of the Sabji (food) that we took in our breakfast, and the worst part is that sometimes we don’t even remember what was in breakfast.
Mindfulness, on the other hand, means developing the ability to tolerate that anxiety and tension without being swept away.
Neuroplasticity:
Our brain is made of “gray matter”, it is nothing but of a size of a dot
( –>.<– ) i.e. kind of grain of sand.
This dot size is actually made up of special nerve cells called neurons.
One such dot sized grain can contain as many as 100,000 of these neurons.
These 100,000 neurons communicate with one another by sending signals called synapses.
This is just about 1 dot. Like this in our brains we have billions of ‘dot” and trillions of connections.
So now we can imagine how complicated our brain is!
The repeating task makes repeating of same signalling paths and thus path becomes stronger and stronger day by day and finally become habit after 21 days/66 days (we are discussing about this next).
In simple language it is like follow the same route while walking on a green field over and over makes a distinct route that is easy to identify later.
These things are well described by John Assaraf in his book “Innercise” and by psychotherapist PhD Richard O’Connor in his book “Rewire”.
Habit formation:
Motivational speaker Robin Sharma said that as per new research of University College of London, habit creation needs 66 days continuous process to hardwire our brain to make it a habit and free our will power from that particular task.
They have divided these 66 days in 3 parts (each of approximately 20 days)
Still after reading many books on habit creation I found that new habit formation is wide-ranging from person to person based on his intention and interest and may vary from 4 to 90 days.
May be by seeing the science backed reason Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi ji given a 21 days lock down so that after that it will become easy for us to stay at home for some more days if required.
MORE in Life:
More. We always want more. Even if we have accomplished all we have dreamed of or desired, perhaps we have noticed that there is a part of you that keeps nudging us toward whatever is next.
Sadhguru, the mystic says, every animal’s life ends two lines.
Ground line (Birth) and one upper line. In between these two lines their only thinking is to how to find food to serve their empty stomach.
But in case of human we have only one line i.e. ground line. There is no limit of the upper line. Our expectations, desires increases as we reach our milestones one by one.
BK Shivani of Brahmakuri says, “BUSY” word is a very dangerous word and once we start saying it, it drains down all our energy, like discharging of a mobile battery.
We fully charged our mobile battery before leaving for office or business.
But what about us. Our energy drained even after lunch period. Mindfulness is a way through which we can recharge ourselves after a periodic interval.
BK Shivani said this as “traffic control”.
Dr. Deepak Chopra gives a way to calm and relax our mind at any moment is by doing STOP. STOP means:
Arianna Huffingtone, a member of Oprah’s Super Soul 100, is the co-founder, president and editor in chief of the Huffington Post Media Group, one of the world’s most influential news and information brands writes in her book “Thrive” how she had changed and start living her life from a frenetic to a well being life.
She taught us a very simple and the fastest way to achieve most of the things from our to-do list.
She gave example how she learned German language in just one day.
How…!!! She had a dream to learn German language and many more things to do in her life. These pending to-do list always push her in back of her mind and made an unknowing stress.
One day she realized that she can learn German by just deleting that task from her to do list.
Now she is mentally free and relaxed. Likewise she had completed many other task by deleting those from her to-do list.
I found it very interesting. Last year I joined in 3 different courses to upgrade myself with new technology like Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning and Internet of Things.
But I ended up with only one certificate. Removing other two subjects from my to-do list :).
4 Segments of Life:
Motivational speaker, writer Robin Sarma distinguished our life in 4 parts:
4 segments of life are interrelated. As we inclined more towards Wealthset, rest three get ignored most of the time.
In catastrophe we appreciated the importance of all of four. At that time we realize that Man-based religions are of a later date, whereas man’s natural religion is eternally with him.
Lessons Learned from COVID19
Gratitude:
Rhonda Byrne-The Secret, in her famous book “The Magic”, she has mentioned the power and magic of gratitude, the two powerful words “Thank You”
Albert Einstein who invented E=mc^2, said “Thank You” 100 times to this universe every day.
In these days gratitude automatically coming out from my heart.
These are some little thing, but sometimes the littlest things mean the most.
I thank God every time before my each meal.
We usually said about our office canteen food, that foods are not tasty.
If today I will get that “Non-vegThali” I will feel like having my lunch at a Five star Hotel.
I thank God many times in a day, because of the fresh air, I breath.
Just imagine what could be the situation if CORONA spread through air and wind. At that scenario we can’t even think of to go to the lobby of our house.
I thank God for water, to drink and for all necessary requirement.
I thank God every day, for electricity supply, available at this time.
Now I feel importance of those things, which we usually taken for granted and complained many a times.
Some other learning are like:
Cost of living to LIVE is not costly. Only spendthrift that we add to our lives make our life costly.
Pollution control was almost like impossible in city like Delhi which is 21 of the world’s 30 most polluted city.
Delhi pollution reduced by 71% in just 7days from 91 to 26 micrograms per cubic meter of PM2.5.
So we have got a solution for pollution control in any city.
Nature’s Law:
There are two kinds of law.
Men made law:e.g. Traffic signal
If we break man made law, we may or may not penalized.
2. Nature’s law:
If we break, we are definitely penalized.
Knowingly unknowingly everybody follow the laws of nature.
Nature’s laws are equal for everyone.
Same for under-developed, developing or developed country.
Same for rich and poor.
Independent of circumstances.
One example of Nature’s law is Death.
Controversy of China:
Many of us have already seen many controversial things related to Corona and China with different facts and figures.
This is all about China’s motive to become world’s economic power player.
As a normal person we can’t directly jump into a conclusion what is what.
COVID-19 may be a natural calamity or may be scientific result to gain control over the American and European companies operating in China, to become economic super power of the world.
In KALI YUGA it is said:
“Jugya Bhugya Basundhara”
Jugya: who is capable
Bhugya: who can enjoy life
Vasundhara: who has all the money and power.
It means in Kali Yuga, who has capability, he only can enjoy the life to its fullest and he will have all the money, fame and power.
Prophesy of New World
There is no such thing as typical prophet .God endows the gift of prophesy to a wide variety of people.
Here are some prophesies of our future new world.
Sir Isaac Newton:
Sir Isaac Newton the greatest mathematician was born on Christmas Day, 1642.
Apart from science, mathematics he wrote one book about Bible and published in 1727 after 6 years of his death named “Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and Apocalypse of St. John”
There he mentioned that the year will be 2060. The date of the end of time, calculated from Biblical information by most brilliant mathematician in the world has ever known.
Edgar Cayce:
Edgar Cayce known as “The Sleeping Prophet” has the gift of prophesy while in a deep self-induced, trance like sleep, none of which he was able to recall when he was awake.
All his lifetime reading during his deep sleep converted into 300 books.
His prophesy said:
“As we prepare for the Second Coming of Christ, A new order of conditions is to arise. Then certain circumstances will arise in the political, the economic and a whole relationship to which a leaving will occur, or a greater comprehension of the need for it.
And then the deeds, the prayers of the faithful, will glorify the Father as peace and love will reign for those who love the Lord.”
Sir Isaac Newton has done this calculation mathematically and found this year would be 2060.
Bhagwat Geeta:
As per Hindusim the world goes through as part of ‘cycles of yugas’.
Four yogas are Satya, Treta, Dvaparaand Kali Yuga.
Kali Yuga started in 3102 BCE.
Madame Helena Blavatsky, Russian author was born in 1831 author of the book “The Secret doctrine” mentioned about the Kali Yuga as-
“We are at the close of the cycle of 5000 years of the present Aryan Kali Yuga or dark age. This will be succeeded by an age of light. This race will be altered in mentality and will move toward a more perfect spiritual existence.”
As in Geeta Lord Krishna said:
“Yada Yada hi Dharmasya
Glanir Bhavati Bharata
Abhyutthanam Adharmasya
Tadatmanam srja my Aham”
Whenever and wherever there is a decline and discrepancies in religious practices, a predominant rise of irreligion, and a disappearance of true religion,at that time Lord manifests himself and appear on earth to save the humankind from all negative power.
Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins:
There is a series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins about Second coming of Christ has sold over sixty-five million copies, and the essential message is that the physical return of Jesus is quickly approaching.
Conclusion of Prophecies:
Prophesy is always a future event. We don’t have control over it. So we may accept with some past reference that some prophecies may come true and some will not.
So the passionate pursuit of the “truth” about the “end of days” is likely to be continued until the end of days itself. In Bible Jesus never mentioned anything like end of days.
It means world should never become the world like Zombies Hollywood movies.
There may be some revolution in terms of humanity, but world is going to have humankind till the time world itself decided to clean us from here.
Beauty of Life
“I’m afraid of dying, but I’m not afraid of death”
We know the Universal truth of death. So we never worry about death. But we always worry about the process of death.
Our life is just one second between past and future. Past is already gone, we don’t have any control over it. Future is what we don’t know.
If we think more about past then we feel sad, if we think more about future then we feel anxious.
So better live this day to its fullest and enjoy and see beauty of life everywhere.
“Mayest thou develop harmony with all
And enjoy life in full.
(Yajur Veda 7.5)
Pure Happiness:
In the end everyone knowingly or unknowingly wants only one thing:
Pure happiness with honest mind. Leaving behind all fear,anxiety, anger, resentment, envy and all negative energy things, and replace those with the Universe’s highest energy word i.e. LOVE and only LOVE.
This kind of purity of happy life we can enjoy in each and every day, by just changing our mind.
How you look at things changes the things you look at.
End
Now in such scenario Doctors and all medical fraternity are playing their roles like God. They are the savers. Thank you to them.
Thank you to all the scientist, researchers who are trying their best to develop some medicines/vaccine to stop this epidemic.
Let’s end up with two lines of Bob Marley’s famous song “One Love, one heart”
“Let’s get together
(everybody follow the rules, and stay at home ):)
To fight this Holy Armageddon,
So when the man comes
There will be no, no doom.”
Thank you. Thank You. Thank You.
With LOVE,
Pranab Hazarika
A Creative Engineer, Blogger by passion.
Disclaimer
I am not a Guru, motivational lecturer, public speaker, or anything else. I am a simple humble person with a humble background. I don’t have any intention to hart anyone’s sentiments and I respect each and every individual’s thoughts, religion, believes and faiths.
Thank you for reading so far. You are important for me, please leave your footprint here:
In telecom network Transmission backhaul is
the main Backbone of the network.
Whatever technology we may use 2G, 3G, LTE
or even 5G the main support provided by transmission network only and desired
data speed can only be obtained if we have sufficient available bandwidth in
transmission links.
These transmission links may be:
Microwave
Fibre
VSAT
Or
any other medium.
In telecom network first three types of transmission
medium is mainly used.
VSAT is only used in cases where the target location is very remote and Line of Sight (LOS) is not cleared anyhow.
Additionally installation as well as maintenance cost of VSAT is very high. And available bandwidth is low. So expected bandwidth are usually 512 Kbps or somewhat nearby.
So main transmission medium till 3G network was only Microwave though fibre was preferred for redundancy, path protection and main backhaul connectivity.
When 4G came, fibre become a part and parcel of the network as to get desired data speed of 4G. We need huge bandwidth to support 4G speed.
In 4G it is a combination of Fibre as well as Microwave connectivity.
When 5G will come up as a normal service fibre will play the main role of connectivity.
Transmission Bandwidth Requirement:
Per site bandwidth requirement based on technology wise and spectrum wise are as below:
TDD & MM coexistence
site:
For a site where TDD and MM
(Massive MIMO) both are present then bandwidth of MM is considered as the
bandwidth of the site.
TDD bandwidth for that
particular site is not added to the MM bandwidth.
More than 1 sector MM site:
For more than 1 sector MM
(Massive MIMO) site, total bandwidth of the site is considered as:
Site
BW= MM Bandwidth of 1 sector * 1.5
We can take the below
examples:
Let’s take 20 MHz bandwidth
scenario for both MM and TDD
Site
with 1 MM sector + 2 TDD sectors:
Site bandwidth will be 200
Mbps.
Site
with 2 MM sectors+ 1 TDD sector:
Site bandwidth will be 300 Mbps.
i.e 200 Mbps of 1 sector of
the MM * 1.5 times.
Site
with 3 MM sectors:
Site bandwidth will be 300
Mbps.
i.e 200 Mbps of 1 sector of
the MM * 1.5 times
Massive MIMO sites required very high backhaul requirement.
So these sites are ideally
planned in fibre pop locations only.
Now we can understand that based on backhaul available bandwidth we can expect data speed on our mobile. Speed is also depends on Technology i.e. 3G, 4G or 5G and their modulation scheme.
If congestion occurs in transmission network, data
speed gets reduced.
These congestion are mainly happens in case of data linked sites i.e. 3G or 4G sites.
So it is very much required to check and do
optimization of the transmission links.
If utilization of a transmission link goes beyond 70% then we should plan to optimize or upgrade the links.
There are mainly 3 different methods we can apply to
upgrade or optimize a link.
Bandwidth up-gradation
Link re-routing
Link equipment up-gradation.
Bandwidth up-gradation:
For IP nodes we can upgrade the available bandwidth of
the microwave links.
Suppose a link is working on available bandwidth of 183 Mbps then we can upgrade it to 214 or 240 Mbps and check if the link utilization is going down or not.
If some links are working below 183 Mbps, then we can
upgrade those links to 183 Mbps.
Only problem in upgradation of bandwidth is that with new bandwidth if we run link budget in some cases it may shows loss of availability of the link.
If this problem occurs then we should not prefer
bandwidth upgradation.
This problem occurs because, with bandwidth increase we have to also increase power.
If power is already in maximum, then this may give a low receive level at the receiver end.
Advantageofbandwidth upgradation is that no additional cost involved and less time consuming. If link budget in planning tool works perfect then we can immediately implement the same in the system.
Link re-route Engineering:
We take an example of the above figure as a part of our network.
In the above figure “A” to “F” are Base stations (BTS). Serving route of F is in the direction from Fiber pop up to BTS location “F”. The physical route of serving E1 is “Fibre PoP-A-B-F”.
Link “A-B”is congested and bandwidth upgradation can’t be done. This link is carried traffic of nodeB (3G)/enodeB(4G) “B” as well as nodeB(3G)/enodeB(4G) “F”.
Remaining all other links are not highly utilized.
So if we reroute path of “F” then congestion level may goes down in the link between “A-B”.
Here we can make a new route in the direction “Fibre PoP-C-D-B-F”.
This is a very simple case we are considering here for ease of understanding.
Main issue in such type of activity is that once we route “F” through new route “Fibre PoP-C-D-B-F” there may be chances that any link of this route may get congested.
So, for that, before making a new route we have to check each link of the new route whether they are able to handle new traffic of “F” or not.
If not then there is no meaning of doing of all these rerouting activities and plan for some other alternatives.
Link equipment up-gradation
Third option is link equipment upgradation.
We can replace the MW hop with XPIC (Cross Polarization) hop.
This will double the capacity of the link.
If the congested link is already a XPIC hop then we may plan for some new fibre PoP.
XPIC upgradation and Fibre PoP plan both have cost
involvement.
So this is the last option we choose if all other
possibilities failed.
Summary:
Once we have noticed any link utilization greater than
70% we plan for any of the three methods that we discussed above.
Transmission Link should have enough available
bandwidth in 3G, 4G and 5G network to get desired data speed.
Thanks for reading this blog.
Your feedback, comments, suggestions or like are
highly appreciated.
In Telecom network it is very often required to do the
calculation for the network capacity.
This capacity is mainly required to do an analysis of
the utilization of the network.
What is the current capacity of the network and what
is the status of current utilization of the resources.
In 2G, 3G and 4G (LTE) in all cases we need to find
out capacity of Voice (only for 2G) and Data (Especially for 3G & 4G).
The methods we are going to discuss can be used to do
the calculation before implementation of a network or in existing network.
Here we emphasise mainly to do the capacity calculation for an existing network.
1. Voice Capacity Calculation (2G Network):
Voice
capacity calculation of a site is an old method and most of us are already know
it.
Here
what we do, we do the capacity calculation sector wise, and then add up the
sector values to get site wise total erlang capacity.
Now
take the formula to do the calculation.
Formula for 1 Sector:
This is a calculation for 1 sector. The column names
mentioned in the table to simplify the formula.
This is a calculation considering HALF RATE (HR) and with Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR).
If we work for FULL
RATE (FR) then we can ignore the columns F, G and H.
Get the Erlang value w.r.t. the timeslot in column E
from Erlang-B table.
Calculation
for the whole Network:
If we have 5000 2G sites in our Network (Just taking a
random example) then we have to sum up the erlang values of all the sectors.
That will become the complete Erlang
(Voice) Capacity or Equipped
Erlang of the network.
Table: 1
Table: 2
This
is an example of 2 sites each with 3 sectors. Likewise we can do the
calculation for all the sectors of the network and finally sum up the column
“G”. That will become the Erlang
Capacity, Voice Capacity or Equipped
Erlang of the existing network.
After
getting this Capacity now it is easy to find out utilization of sites. We need
to take the traffic data (Cell wise/Site wise) from system generated data and
just divide Traffic by Capacity.
There
is a report which gives Voice and
data capacity of the network.
But sometimes the problem with the report is that, if in any case there are some sites which are down/hold due to some technical /Non-technical issue, capacity of those sites are not considered in the report.
2.Data Capacity Calculation (3G& LTE Network):
Data capacity of a site mainly depends on the
available Bandwidth of the site.
Based on available Bandwidth below is the table which
shows the maximum capacity of a site.
This value may change slightly case to case basis, but
we consider these values as maximum capacity of a site for any calculation
purpose.
Table: 3
Now we can see the below mentioned 6 sites.
Based on site wise technology and bandwidth we will
get a total data capacity of a site.
This total data capacity of the whole network can be
summed up to get the Data Capacity for the whole network, which may contains
any no of sites.
This bandwidth wise data capacity is independent of
frequency band.
For 10 MHz band we will get same 150 GB/site/day for
1800 band or 2100 band 4G sites.
Similar scenario for all other cases too.
Table: 4
Here we are not considering any data for 2G is because
2G data capacity is very low and it is based on the allocation of time slots
for EDGE.
Moreover here we should not confused between data speed
and data capacity. Here we are discussing only about data capacity of a site
not anything about data speed or throughput.
Speed/Throughput altogether is a different concept and
we may discuss in a separate blog.
Utilization:
Again for utilization as we did for 2G traffic. Here
we have to find the actual site wise used payload and divide this value with
the total data capacity.
This may be done site wise or for the whole network.
Here we are considering any telecom circle having the
below mentioned frequency band along with allocated bandwidth.
These figures we are taking just as an example.
Frequency band and allocated bandwidth may vary based
on telecom circle.
Table: 5
From the above table it is found that for a telecom
circle “X” we have total 50MHz bandwidth.
In 4G total
35 MHz (900 band 15 MHz and 2500-TDD band 20 MHz).
Similarly for 3G
in 2100 MHz band 5 MHz, and for 2G
total 10 MHz in 1800 MHz band.
In this case for calculating site wise bandwidth first
of all we have to find out site wise technology.
In a single site there may be any combination of
technology.
For example we are considering the below mentioned
technology combinations in any site and corresponding site bandwidth.
Table: 6
These technology combinations in a site may vary as
per requirement.
Calculation
for the whole Network (Data & Bandwidth)
In this way we can find site wise total bandwidth.
Once we get site wise data
and bandwidth now we can do all types of permutation combination.
Like District wise, state wise, town wise requirement
of data for capacity and Utilization calculation.
Showing of Bandwidth utilization is bit different from
all other cases. Suppose we need district wise or town wise or may be any
category wise Bandwidth utilization. In that case we can’t do the same
calculation as like voice and data.
Please check the below mentioned table:
Table:7
If in a district named “X” has only 2G sites (here in this example showing 2G sites) then bandwidth utilization in that district will be 10 (refer Table:5,6 & 7)
In district “Y” there are 10 sites which are having
all 2G+3G+4G+TDD technology.
So bandwidth utilization will be sum of all technologies i.e. 50 MHz (refer Table:5,6 & 7).
In district “Y” there may be other different
technology sites too. Like 2G+4G 32 sites.
But we do not require considering utilization of
district “Y” as 50+35. Instead it would be only 50.
Similar cases for all other combinations too.
Summary:
In telecom network capacity and utilization
calculation is required to do very often.
As technology changes i.e. upgraded from 2G to 3G or
4G or may be site is loaded with TDD whole calculation for a particular site
will be changed.
So this is an ongoing and necessary process to have an overall idea of the whole network.
Thanks for reading this blog.
Your feedback, comments, suggestions or like are highly appreciated.
Coverage, Infill, Capacity, In-building Solution, Small Cell, Femto Cell and Repeater
Today
we are going to discuss about different types of Cell site in telecom field.
These
cell sites can be used in 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G technologies.
There
are seven types of cell site or solution we can have to provide network
coverage and capacity.
They
are:
Coverage site.
Infill Site.
Capacity Site.
Samll Cell.
Femto Cell.
In-Building Solution (IBS)
Repeater.
Out
of all these, we know most of the things about coverage, Infill and capacity sites
and repeater.
But Small cell, Femto cell are some new concept those are coming along with 4G and 5G technology.
1.Coverage / New Site
A
location where Operator-A does not have any coverage and planning to expand its
coverage in that particular location then this type of site/sites are called
Coverage site.
In
that particular area customers will get Operator-A network for the 1st
time.
The coverage distance of a capacity site is as much as possible so that it can cover maximum distance.
Basic Planning Part of Coverage Site:
1800 MHz Band:
Usually
coverage sites are planned based on frequency band.
If
we are using 1800MHz band then in ideal condition 1800MHz site can give coverage
up to 2.5Km.
So
we prefer a site which is not coming within 2 to 2.5 Km rang of an existing
site.
This
concept is not always applicable especially in case of Dense Urban, Urban, and
Semi-Urban area.
Because
in such kind of area due to high rise and congested buildings indoor coverage
issue is always seen.
So
in such type of area we may plan coverage sites for the first time within 1 Km
or even 500m or may be less based on clutter density and terrain conditions.
900 MHz Band:
In
case of 900 MHz the coverage range of a site may goes up to 4 Km.
So
in that case we should not prefer a new site below 3.5 Km from an existing
site.
Highway:
On
highway sites the distance between the sites are kept at a greater distance
than normal sites, as at highway sites we generally use comparatively high gain
antenna than normal sites.
High gain antenna gives a long distance coverage e.g. like 4 Km gap for 1800 MHz band.
2.Infill Site:
In
a location, suppose a in a town name X, Operator-A already has coverage either
with one site or may be 2, 3 or more sites (for bigger town).
But
inside the town or location there are some places where there is some coverage
gap or black holes of coverage and the existing sites are unable to provide
proper coverage in those particular locations.
In
such cases we plan new site specially to remove coverage gap inside a town or a
location.
These sites are called Infill site.
Infill
sites are planned to cover a distance up to 500-700m or may be up to 1Km based
on coverage gap and the location where we want to provide network coverage.
Coverage
distance of infill sites is totally based on the area where we want to mitigate
the coverage gap.
For
a dense city with hilly terrain we may plan a new infill site even at a
distance of 100m from exiting tower. But for a same kind of dense city with
plain terrain we may prefer a new site beyond 300-500m from existing site.
In case of Infill site, site optimization is done properly so that we should not face the problem of interference of nearby site as well as coverage overlapping.
3.Capacity Site:
Suppose
in a location there are 3, 4 sites or any no of sites and provide good coverage
in the whole town.
There
is no coverage gap in any place. But sites are over loaded. All or may be one,two
sites or may be 2, 3 sectors of the town are highly congested and we can’t add
any more capacity to that site.
In
such scenario we plan some new sites to off load the congested cells.
This type of site is called Capacity Site.
Basic Planning Part of Capacity Site:
2G:
Earlier
when we have only 2G technology and if traffic for a particular site increasing
day by day and equipped capacity of that sites is more than 160% utilized then
we planned for TRX addition.
If
TRX addition reached to a level of exhaustion based on the BTS capacity then we
plan for a new site nearby to offload 1 or 2 sectors of that site.
TRX
handling capacity is depends on the type of BTS we are using.
Suppose
if we use a Nokia ULTRA BTS (which is obsolete now a days) then it can handle
only 12 TRX (4/4/4). If we want to increase TRX capacity at a ULTRA BTS site
then we need to install 1 more BTS box to support additional TRXs.
If
we use Nokia BTS like Flexi Edge then additional hardware not required, only
software upgradation required.
But
whatever the upgradation capacity (TRX capacity) of a BTS, it also depends on the
available bandwidth of 2G.
3G & 4G:
4G
VoLTE (voice over LTE) is totally based on packet switched concept i.e. only
data. No circuit switching.
In
case of 3G, though voice traffic is handled by circuit switching, still as 3G
is going to become obsolete very soon operator are not much concern about
increasing 3G capacity at site.
Gradually
3G layers will be converted to 4G layer on the same frequency band.
Equipment
for 3G and 4G will be almost same except we have to replace the 3G baseband (a
card inside the BTS) with a new 4G baseband.
No
need to replace antenna and Radio unit. But sometimes based on the 4G
compatibility of Radio unit (RRU) we may need to replace the existing 3G RRU
with new 4G RRU.
But
this is not applicable for all cases.
How
to convert a 3G layer to a 4G layer in same frequency band of 3G we will
discussed in my upcoming blog in details.
Alternate Options of Capacity Site:
Now
a days we avoid to implement or integrate capacity sites.
Currently
the main concern is with data rather than voice traffic. As we have now 3G and
4G both technologies over and above 2G.
In
Case of 4G we don’t prefer a capacity site to offload one or 2 sectors of an
existing 4G site.
In
4G we have so many alternate options.
If
payload of a site increases we can take any of the below mentioned steps.
Option 1- Bandwidth Expansion:
Considering
existing 4G site is operating at 1800MHz band FDD and in 5MHz.
Then
we can upgrade it to
10 MHz band
15 MHz band
20 MHz band
And
even beyond 20MHz also provided the operator has a continuous frequency band of
20MHz or beyond.
For
that we need to take only software licenses. No need to do any changes in
hardware part.
Option 2- TDD Site:
Going
for a TDD (Time Division Duplexing) site at the same location.
If
we have 2500 MHz or 2300 MHz TDD frequency band then we add equipment of the
respective band at the same sites.
Equipment
will include Antenna, Radio and baseband unit.
Addition
of TDD layer will increase the data handling capacity of that site.
Even
in TDD also we have options to increase our bandwidth of sites, suppose from
10MHz to 20 MHz, based on availability of frequency band of the Operator.
Putting a new technology like TDD on
existing FDD site or bandwidth expansion is cheaper compared to installation of
a new site.
Option 3- Small Cell:
And
the last option for increasing the capacity of a 4G or 5G site is Small Cell.
So now a days capacity site planning is not preferred until and unless all above mentioned attempts fail to handle the carried traffic/payload of the site.
4.In-Building Solution (IBS)
In
Building Solution (IBS) is to provide coverage inside a building and in each
floor.
Here
there is a MACO BTS like any other normal site. We can use 1 or 2 sectors as
Outdoor site as normal site and 1 sector can be used only for Indoor coverage
purpose.
That
sector will serve lots of small indoor antennas in each floor.
In
some cases we don’t use any outdoor sector to provide coverage outside the
building.
This
type of site is installed in big hotels or large complex.
In all above discussed cases, we use MACRO BTSs.
Now
we come to discussion of all new kind of BTSs or solutions based on different
requirement.
The new cell concept that now we are going to discuss is about Samll Cell, Femto Cell and Repeater are some solutions for the coverage and capacity requirements for the hotspot locations, enterprise accounts and high values subscribers.
5.Small Cell:
There are broadly three types of solutions namely
Outdoor
Small Cell
Residential
Small Cell.
Enterprise Small Cell.
Here we are discussing only about types of small cell. We will
discuss in details about small cell in a separate blog.
Outdoor Small Cells:
To
meet coverage and capacity requirements at Hot spot or small area coverage requirement,
outdoor small cell is solution for such requirement. It is IP65 and consumes
low power. The unit can be mounted on walls, poles or masts. This is all in one
(AiO) solution need AC power supply and backhaul connectivity to integrate.
In 5G only small cell concept is used. Its coverage distance is 50 to 100m. So lot of cell site will be required if we plan to provide 5G in a particular area.
Camouflage Outdoor Small Cell
Below
is the example of a camouflaged outdoor small cell.
It was installed in a restaurant with garden outside. In that garden this small cell was camouflaged like a coconut tree.
Residential Small Cells:
Residential indoor small cells solution is for hot spots as
the complementary coverage and capacity solution. It can be used in Small
Office Home Office (SOHO), SME (Small and Medium Enterprise), government
offices, stations, entertainment places, hotels and airports etc.
It
is a small and light all-in-one system which integrated baseband and radio
modules. It can be flexibly installed in many places such as on the desk, on
the wall or under the ceiling. It
Aims
to provide ultra-high-speed data services especially for hot spots or poor/no
coverage area as a supplemental of macro base station. This is also all in one
(AiO) solution need AC/DC power supply and backhaul connectivity to integrate.
This type of small cell we usually plan to give better coverage and capacity at the Stores owned by the Operator itself.
Enterprise Small Cells:
To full fill unprecedented amount of mobile broadband capacity inside buildings enterprise small cell is the solution. This is the solution to multiflorous commercial building.
It involves floor wise planning and deployment of radios with hub devise and baseband. Enterprise small cells can be used at retail stores, branch offices, corporate headquarters and university campuses etc.
6.Femto Cells:
Femto solution is similar to small cell indoor solution, suitable for residential, enterprise deployments. It provides backhaul flexibility from traditional Optical or Ethernet to any IP public or private backhaul and make this solution easy to deploy.
Apart from backhaul Hetnet gateway also required which is for security and IPsec tunnelling purpose.
7.Digital Repeaters:
Digital repeaters amplify weak signal and provide coverage in deep indoor or poor signal areas, these devices can be used to provide coverage in indoor residential building or small commercial buildings or specific floor of multistory building.
Digital repeaters do not actively involve radio devices to generate signals, these repeaters are also knows as signal boosters. Outdoor repeaters are also available in high power range.
These devices boosts specific band signal and assigned sub bands. These are coverage solution and do not contribute in capacity.
Massive
MIMO is a key update of multiple-antenna technology.
It
uses large no of antenna arrays.
Performs
3D beamforming and multi-user multiplexing.
Significantly improves system capacity.
In
Massive MIMO an antenna Module named AAU is used.
AAU
is Active Antenna Unit that has both Antenna and Radio Frequency Functions.
In
traditional antenna system we have to use separate Radio function unit and
antennas.
Comparison Traditional Antenna System and Massive MIMO:
We
can have a pictorial view of Horizontal as well as Vertical coverage scenario
of Massive MIMO for better understanding.
Horizontal Coverage Scenario:
Vertical Coverage Scenario:
Benefits of Massive MIMO:
Massive MIMO improves cell capacity and Coverage
Increase User Experience.
Encourage Data Speed.
Application Area of Massive MIMO:
Squares, Stadiums and Big events:
Precise User specific beams
Effective Interference Control
CBD Skyscrapers:
3D MIMO for high floor coverage.
Stations, Shopping Malls:
Concentrate user energy to combat propagation and penetration loss.
Dense Residential, Universities:
Multi user MIMO to increase Cell capacity.
Main
Aim of using Massive MIMO are:
Hotspot Coverage:
In
Hotspot area user density is very high. Demand of data is also very high. In
such scenario Massive MIMO can improve system capacity through spatial
multiplexing.
By
using Massive MIMO cell throughput increases and thus meet capacity demands in
hotspot areas.
Tall Building Coverage:
With
traditional site coverage in Tall buildings can’t satisfy as approximately
vertical beam width is 7 degree.
With Massive MIMO 35 degree Vertical beam width can be achieved to cover tall buildings.
Pros and Cons of Massive MIMO:
Conclusion:
I had introduced Massive MIMO technology in my earlier blog 5G Introduction where I have mentioned that Massive MIMO is one of the 5 building Blocks of 5G.
It
does not mean we have to use Massive MIMO in 5G only.
We use Massive MIMO in LTE as well as 5G technology for better data handling and improved capacity.
How Massive MIMO plays a vital role in 5G you should also read blog on
Once
Continuous Wave (CW) testing is over and we are having required samples of
field data then next step of Network/ RF planning is Model Tuning.
In
this blog we will discuss how we do Model Tuning in Atoll or other Planning
Tool.
This
blog contains basic theory of Model Tuning and finally steps involved to do the
Model Tuning in Planning Tool.
Emphasize on to understand Model Tuning in a very simpler way through step by step approach of doing it in a Planning Tool like Atoll.
If you still not going through my earlier blog on CW testing you should read it here, before going to Model Tuning phase.
Basic Understanding of Model Tuning
1st
of all we should understand the basic of Model tuning, why do we do Model
Tuning.
In
simple language Model Tuning is done to match the coverage distance of
transmitted signal, in field and in Planning Tool for the same frequency and for
similar kind of terrain and clutter.
Suppose
in field we have seen through our CW testing samples that in 2100MHz in a
particular Urban area Received Signal Level (-93dBm) can travel a distance of
500m.
Now
our target is to set this 500m distance (for signal level -93dBm) in Planning
Tool for a site which operates in 2100 MHz Band in similar Urban clutter.
Here
I am considering the same example as in Continuous Wave Testing (CW Testing)
blog.
Once
Model Tuning is completed, a propagation Model is set and all future coverage
prediction will be done based on the DESIGNED MODEL for a network.
Model will be differently set for 2G, 3G, 4G-LTE or even for 5G based on use of different frequency band and Modulation techniques.
Propagation Model and Formula:
There
are different types of Propagation Model based on different terrain and
frequency range.
Widely
used Propagation Models are Okumura-Hata Propagation Model, Cost-Hata
Propagation Model, ITU-529-3 Propagation Model and so on.
Different
Model has different characteristics.
The
Standard Propagation Model is a Propagation Model based on Hata Formula and is suited for predictions in 150 to 3500 MHz band
over long distance (from one to 20Km).
Formula for Standard Propagation
Model:
Before seeing the formula just remember one thing, formula may be complicated but the actual process of doing it practically, is not that much complicated. It is simple. We should not bother much about formula. But before doing something at least we should know the theory why we are doing all these activities.
Though
this formula contains lot of factors, but almost all factors are known to us.
E.g.
We know Transmitted power how much we will transmit from a transmitter.
Htx
is height of the transmitter i.e. the Mobile Tower (Antenna Height e.g. 30m,40m
etc.)
Hrx
is Height of receiver i.e. height of a human (UE) generally considered 1.5m and
like this.
Main
3 factors that we don’t know is K1
(Slope), K2 (Intercept) and D (Distance) between transmitter and
Receiver.
It
makes a plot called Regression Curve where we take the Standard Deviation
value.
X-axis for the plot is Distance and Y-axis is
Received Level (Rx Level).
Regression Curve
This
curve is not exactly a straight line. Our main activity is to set different
values for K1, and K2 to meet this kind of approximately
straight line curve.
Setting of K Values:
So
whole Model tuning is done by varying the values of K1 and K2 to get a
required Model.
We
can do variations in other K values
also for up to K7. But usually we
prefer to change K1 and K2 values only.
Setting
of K1 and K2 to get a final Model is totally a trial and error method.
Once
in the Planning Tool, the required distance get covered (from the above
mentioned example, e.g. 500m) for a particular frequency band (e.g. 2100 MHz
band) in a particular clutter (e.g. Urban) for a particular received level (-93
dBm) then Model Tuning of one clutter (In this case Urban) is completed.
Same
process will be repeated for other clutter also like Dense Urban or Rural. Only
difference is based on clutter the travel distance of -93dBms signal will
increase or decrease from 500m.
E.g.
this distance will increase to 1.5Km in case of Rural instead of 500m in Urban.
Process of Doing Model Tuning:
Before
start doing setting of K values we have to create different Projects in the
Planning tool for different Technology.
Separate
Projects required creating for 2G, 3G,
4G-LTE or for 5G.
In
each projects different parameters set for different technology.
E.g.
Modulation techniques will be different for GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G.
Suppose
2 technologies operates in same frequency band, e.g. in 1800 MHz band we are
operating both 2G and 4G.
In
this case though both technologies are operating in the same frequency band,
yet their modulation technique will be different.
So
the planning tool will do the coverage prediction based on their defined
project and though both are in same band still the coverage distance for same
signal strength will be different.
Sample Types:
Samples through CW Testing:
In
conventional CW testing collected samples shows only the Carrier Signal
Strength.
These
are unmodulated signals. It contains only RX Power and Latitude & Longitude
of sample collected locations.
With
these samples we can’t differentiate technologies. It will give same details
for 1800MHz band regardless of 2G or 4G.
Samples through existing SIM:
If
we collect samples through a SIM of any existing network, collected samples are
modulated signals.
So
we will get a difference of coverage in collected samples for same frequency
band but for different technology.
In
our case suppose 1800MHz band for 2G and 4G same signal level but different
travel distance.
Step by step process:
Data/ Samples collected
through conventional CW testing or through Drive Test (with Existing SIM) are
imported in Planning Tool like Atoll.
We can import the same in other planning tools too.
Let’s see 1 sample data as we mentioned in CW testing.
Here we have seen that a signal level of -93 dBm is travelling to a distance of 500m in an Urban area (Say Frequency band 2100MHz for 3G).
Now we have plot a site in Atoll Planning Tool at the same Latitude and Longitude where we set our Transmitter/Mobile Tower during CW testing.
We already made a Project for 3G in Atoll with all different parameters. Main difference of Parameter will be Modulation Techniques for different Technology.
So now Atoll itself has some “K” values for the created Project.
Run a prediction for the sample site by selecting only 1 site.
The tool will show its own coverage area for the site based on the data available in the Project.
This prediction value may or may not match with the actual data we have collected in field.
In Planning tool let us define 3 signal level category
Green: -72 dBm
Yellow: -72 to -93 dBm
Red: -93 to -120 dBm
In Tool we can define any no of Signal Level category based
on our requirement.
For simplicity here we are ignoring the GREEN level and will
consider YELLOW for -93 dBm.
And also keeping the 3 sectors of the site in 0/120/240
degree.
For example we consider
that the prediction given by planning tool shows that -93 dBm signal i.e.
YELLOW travels up to 900m distance.
Now our main task is to
change the “K” values mainly K1 and K2 until we reduced the distance of -93dBm signal from 900m
to 500m for this particular site.
Sample
Values for K:
Some Possible values of K are-
K1 Value is depends upon Radio Frequency and Radio Technology:
Changing of K values are not like 1 time activity.
It is a trial and error
method.
We would vary the “K” values until we reach the value of
500m distance coverage for -93 dBm signal.
Every time after setting
new “K” values we will run a
Prediction Coverage.
Then will check what the
travel distance is.
This Process will be repeated
until we find some “K” values which
shows a prediction of 2100MHz band, signal level -93dBm is covering up to a
maximum distance of 500m.
These values like 500m,
-93dBm will be as per our requirement. These are not some specific values.
These are taken here just for example purpose only. E.g. for
dense Urban 500m will change to 300m.
So accordingly we will do all “K” value settings so that -93dBm (or -73 dBm as per our
requirement) signal level would travel up to 300m only.
So by repeating the process of “K”
value change we can finally reach to a DESIGN in Tool where coverage of signal
level is same both in actual field and also in Planning Tool.
This
is MODEL TUNING.
Once
one design is done for a clutter (in this example Urban) we will do the same process for all other different clutters
i.e. Dense Urban, Semi Urban and Rural.
When
DESIGN is completed for all types of clutter the Model Tuning for the whole
Network is completed.
Now
we can put “n” no of sites in the tool defining which sites will fall in which
clutter type (Urban, Rural etc.). The Tool will give an appropriate coverage
for the whole Network.
So
now we can plan how many sites will be required to cover a particular town or
area based on the prediction plot.
Here is a sample setting of Clutter and Parameters for a Design of 2100MHz 3G in Urban area:
I am not saying that this is an ideal / correct setting for 3G- 2100 MHz band in urban area.
This
is one example I did during my 3G Greenfield project to get the required
design.
In
a separate article we will discuss another method of Model Tuning for an existing Network with the help of MRR report.
Do
you think there are some points I missed here? Leave a comment below.
